Ketone Ester Papers. All Clinical Trials

Successful Ketone Ester Sport Trials

2016 2% Faster TT Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes Cell Metabolism, Cox
(NIH Ketone Monoester)
- GROUNDBREAKING FIRST KETONE ESTER SPORT PAPER
- (2% gain in 20min time trial. Fasted riders and a TT after a 2 hour ride.)
2019 Recovery: After 3 weeks=15% Faster TT Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload
(TdeltaS Ketone Monoester)
- A simulated 3 week Tour De France race. Taken post workout and before bed. The final time trail was 15% faster with ketone esters.
- Counter argument Letter to Editor: Does ketone ester supplementation really blunt overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload? and then the reply from the author. reply from the author
2023 4% Better Running Economy Acute Ingestion of a Ketone Monoester without Co-Ingestion of Carbohydrate Improves Running Economy in Male Endurance Runners Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise; Egan (HVMN Ketone Monoester v1)
- 4% improvement in running economy in distance runners vs sugar and vs sugar and ketones.
2018 Mentally Sharper Sprinters Intermittent Running and Cognitive Performance after Ketone Ester Ingestion Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise; Egan. (see video) (KetoneAid Ke4 Ketone Monoester)
- Soccer sprinters were as sharp at the end of the workout, as the start. Article: Ketone supplement may boost athletic decision-making ability
Increases EPO Exogenous ketosis [Ketone Ester] elevates circulating erythropoietin [EPO] and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload 2023 Hespel (TdeltaS Ketone Monoester)
- Ketone monoester ingestion increases post-exercise serum erythropoietin [EPO] concentrations in healthy men 2023 J. Gonzalez (TdeltaS Ketone Monoester)
  EPO increases when given large ketone ester doses over time. Similar to altitude training.

Low dose ketone monoester (KME) augments intramuscular glycogen syntheses overnight in college basketball players 2023 Molinger (KetoneAid Ke4 Ketone Monoester)

Exogenous Ketosis Improves Sleep Efficiency and Counteracts the Decline in REM Sleep after Strenuous Exercise 2023 POFFÉ (KetoneAid Raw Ketone Monoester)

Exogenous ketosis increases circulating dopamine concentration and maintains mental alertness in ultra-endurance exercise 2023 Poffe (KetoneAid Ke4 Ketone Monoester)

Neutral Ketone Ester Sport Papers & Trials

2022 Sept Ketone bodies: beyond their role as a potential energy substrate in exercise Hespel
- "The potential of KBs to modulate training adaptation probably goes far beyond their marginal role as a ‘shadow’ energy substrate in active muscles during exercise."
2022 April Ketone Monoester Ingestion Alters Metabolism and Simulated Rugby Performance in Professional Players Human Kinetics Journal; Stokes
2022 Aug Exogenous ketosis [Ketone monoester] suppresses diuresis and atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise Hespel
2022 Oct Ketone Ester Supplementation Improves Some Aspects of Cognitive Function during a Simulated Soccer Match after Induced Mental Fatigue Nutrients Journal; Lemon
- "KME supplementation attenuated decrements in CRT during repeated, high intensity, intermittent exercise"
2020 July Bicarbonate Unlocks the Ergogenic Action of Ketone Monoester Intake in Endurance Exercise Hespel
- "The coingestion of oral bicarbonate and KE enhances high-intensity performance at the end of an endurance exercise event without causing gastrointestinal distress."
2021 Exogenous ketosis [Ketone Monoester] increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia Hespel
- "KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia."
2017 Recovery and promotes MTOR: Intake of a Ketone Ester Drink during Recovery from Exercise Promotes mTORC1 Signaling but Not Glycogen Resynthesis in Human Muscle Frontiers in Physiology; Hespel
Sept 2022 Oral ketone monoester supplementation does not accelerate recovery of muscle force or modulate circulating cytokine concentrations after muscle-damaging eccentric exercise in healthy males and females
2021 Ketone Bodies Impact on Hypoxic CO 2 Retention Protocol During Exercise Andrew Koutnik
2021 Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake Marc R Bomhof
2020 Dec Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise Tyler A. Churchward-Venne

Negative Ketone Ester Sport Trials

2020 Acute Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Ester Supplementation Impairs Race Walk Performance Sharma
- This paper put athletes temporarily on a keto diet and added ketone ester and it did not work. They were not fat adapted.
2020 May Exogenous ketosis impacts neither performance nor muscle glycogen breakdown in prolonged endurance exercise Hespel
- "[E]xogenous ketosis may decrease buffering capacity in the approach of the final episode of the event. Furthermore, ketone ester intake during exercise may reduce appetite immediately after exercise."
2020 Exogenous Ketosis [Ketone monoester] Impairs 30-min Time-Trial Performance Independent of Bicarbonate Supplementation Hespel
2023 Acute Ketone Monoester Supplementation Impairs 20-min Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists: A Randomized, Crossover Trial McCarthy
2021 Increased cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal cycling after ketone monoester ingestion in endurance-trained adults Jon Little

Longevity, General Therapeutic Use & Landmark papers.

The "great" controlling nucleotide coenzymesIUBMB Life Journal, Veech & Curtis et al. 2019
Ketone Bodies, Potential Therapeutic Uses IUBMB Life Journal, Veech et al. 2001
Ketone bodies mimic the life span extending properties of caloric restriction IUBMB Life Journal, Veech et al 2017
Insulin, ketone bodies, and mitochondrial energy transduction. FASEB Journal; Sato, Veech et al 1995
Tolerability and Acceptability of an Exogenous Ketone Monoester and Ketone Monoester/Salt Formulation in Humans 2023 Eric P Plaisance (KetoneAid Ke4 Ketone Monoester and Ke1 Ketone Monoester & Salt combo)

Brain Papers

Oct 2021 Short-term ketone monoester supplementation improves cerebral blood flow and cognition in obesity: A randomized cross-over trial Jon Little
- "A foundation for the potential non-pharmacological therapeutic application of β-OHB supplementation in patient groups at risk of hyperglycaemic cerebrovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction."
Feb 2020 Diet modulates brain network stability, a biomarker for brain aging, in young adults (HVMN Ketone Monoester v1)
- For brain performance, ketone ester on a regular diet was as effective in improving brain function as a ketogenic diet and superior to a regular diet alone.
2020 Ketotherapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases
Clinical Trial via NIH: Ketone Ester Effects on Biomarkers of Brain Metabolism and Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Intact Adults 55 Years Old or Older

Alzheimer's

2022 Ketone Ester Effects on Biomarkers of Brain Metabolism and Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Intact Adults ≥ 55 Years Old. A Study Protocol for a Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
- "This is the first study to investigate the AD-biomarker and cognitive effects of KME in humans. Ketone monoester is safe, tolerable, induces robust ketosis, and animal studies indicate that it can modify AD pathology."
Alzheimers Dementia 2016 A new way to produce hyperketonemia: Use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer's disease Mary T Newport MD, Dr Richard Veech, et al.
- Multi-year human case study using Ketone Ester on a Alzheimer's patient.
Ketotherapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases 2020
Clinical Trial: Ketone Ester Supplementation on Neuro-cardiovascular Responses to Stress in Humans

Alzheimer's (mice)

Effects of a dietary ketone ester on hippocampal glycolytic and TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids in a 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease 2017 Robert J. Pawlosky,
Neurobiol Aging 2012 (mice) A ketone ester diet exhibits anxiolytic and cognition-sparing properties, and lessens amyloid and tau pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Covid (Theory Papers)

Alzheimer's (mice)

Covid in Mice

Parkinson's (mice)

Heart Failure (mice)

Other Mice Trials